![]() The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms (MDRO) pose serious threats to medical services and patient outcomes. The increasing incidence of healthcare-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR), extremely drug-resistant (XDR), and carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacilli (GNB) has been widely reported. The extensive use of antimicrobials for treating humans and animal infections along with globalization and international travel has led to the rapid spread of resistant strains. Shortly after the discovery of antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance emerged and with the recent increase in AMR, poses a serious threat to global public health. Antimicrobials were first used to treat infections in the 1940s. The discovery of the antimicrobial agent is a fundamental milestone in the history of medicine and has saved millions of lives. Meropenem (MRP)/meropenem + phenylboronic acid (MBO) were used to differentiate Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) from other serine carbapenemase producing gram-negative organisms. Meropenem with EDTA was used to differentiate metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) from serine carbapenemase. Gram-negative organisms with reduced susceptibility to carbapenem antibiotics were considered candidate carbapenemase producers and subjected to modified carbapenem inactivation and simplified carbapenem inactivation methods. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant isolates were classified using a standardized definition established by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the United States Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. Identification was done using the traditional biochemical method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. ![]() Clinical samples were collected, inoculated, and incubated for each sample in accordance with standard protocol. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from June 30, 2019, to May 30, 2020, at the national reference laboratory of the Ethiopian Public Health Institute.
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